Pipelines are typically constructed from Steel or plastic and are buried underground. They are designed to withstand the pressure of the oil and gas flowing through them, as well as the Weight of the soil and other Materials above them. The Pipes are connected to each other with welds, flanges, and other fittings.
At the beginning of the pipeline, a Pump station is used to move the oil and gas through the pipeline. The pump station is equipped with pumps, valves, and other equipment to control the flow of the oil and gas. Along the pipeline, there are also control stations that monitor the pressure and flow of the oil and gas.
At the end of the pipeline, the oil and gas are delivered to refineries, storage facilities, or end-users. The oil and gas are then processed and refined into products such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.
a In case of dispute, laboratory Rockwell C hardness testing shall be used as the referee method.
b No hardness limits are specified, but the maximum variation is restricted as a manufacturing control in accordance with 7.8 and 7.9.
c For through-wall hardness tests of Grades L80 (all types), C90, T95 and C110, the requirements stated in HRC scale are for maximum mean hardness number.
Pipelines are an important part of the global energy infrastructure. They are reliable, efficient, and cost-effective, and they provide a safe and secure way to transport oil and gas over long distances.
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